AEROSPAZE

2011-12-07T07:30:00.000-08:00

ELANTRA....

Hyundai Presents the new generation Elantra

All Elantra models come with a 148-hp 1.8L 4-cyl that gets 29/40 mpg.

For 2012 all Elantra models get a $250 price hike and now start at $15,195 and jump to 17,445 for an automatic GLS or $20,445 for a Limited.

Even base models come with standard remote keyless entry as well as a USB and iPod hookup.

Limited trim levels come with luxuries like leather as well as heated front and rear seats, while optional extras include keyless access, a push-button ignition, navigation and a 360-watt audio system.

2011-12-05T21:43:00.001-08:00

CHINA IS GOING STEALTH

2011-12-05T21:38:00.001-08:00

KOLAVER DI.....

2011-12-05T20:37:00.000-08:00

ESSAY WRITING

It is common that all students have so many assignments in a week. Not all the assignments can be done right in time as the deadline. In this condition, students should only ask from custom writing service that available online. This help is available for students who don’t have enough time to do their assignments alone. All subjects that students take in school are available to order here. With this service, students will not stay every night to do their assignments anymore.And asking " write my essay" to family or friends can be avoided

The custom writing service that is good for every student is only come from VivaEssays.com This site has good reputation in custom writing service and good result in every order. Look directly at the website and get info about essays that available to order. Every student has different problem in the writing process. This site has professional writers that can handle each order with care. Argumentative essays are also available here for students .

We can see the features service on the custom writing website that will make students really happy. This service is available 24/7 with additional free services such free plagiarism checking, free title page, free cover and more. It is also possible to order essays that are original and based on real research. With affordable prices, this site is the best solution for all essay assignments that students have.

2011-11-24T21:30:00.000-08:00

CURIOSITY

Mars Science Laboratory is sending a full equipped tool box called CURIOSITY which have tools from drill,laser..etc . And its is scheduled for launch on NOV 24 army base station ,

More news on NASA

2011-11-24T20:10:00.000-08:00

The source for 70% pirated goods are from CHINA....

2011-11-24T01:13:00.000-08:00

360 VIEWS OF HONDA CIVIC

The new Honda Civic shows the 360 views of the car

2011-11-24T01:00:00.000-08:00

FORD FEISTA

Ford come up with a dashing new Ford Fiesta

2010-08-20T02:59:00.000-07:00

2010-08-20T02:57:00.001-07:00

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2010-08-20T02:55:00.001-07:00

2010-08-20T02:41:00.000-07:00

Invisible browsing

Invisible browsing is magical software which have the capability to change your ip and prevents your ip address and prevents displaying your confidential information’s .it can be installed on all levels of operating system allowing the software to be a user friendly software. Invisible browsing software can be worked out in two modes manual and automatic mode where the user can change ip automatically or manually by selection the required countries ip .All these are done on a single click. Invisible browsing is truly magical software which can make your browsing cool and safe. This has the ability to by pass internet restrictions and other internet threats and can do frequent downloads and uploads using this software .If you want to start a free and secure browsing start in on with Invisible browsing

2010-01-29T09:35:00.001-08:00

2010-01-29T09:32:00.000-08:00

2010-01-29T09:30:00.003-08:00

2010-01-29T09:30:00.001-08:00

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2010-01-29T09:27:00.000-08:00

2010-01-29T09:25:00.000-08:00

2010-01-13T22:57:00.001-08:00

2010-01-13T22:54:00.002-08:00

2010-01-13T22:54:00.001-08:00

2010-01-13T22:51:00.000-08:00

2010-01-13T22:49:00.000-08:00

2010-01-07T00:25:00.000-08:00

Christmas is coming - gifts for students

I haven't started shopping for Christmas gifts that I would give my beloved family and friends and students. I just got too busy that I haven't started Christmas shopping yet. Luckily, a friend of mine told me about Posylane.com. This is a perfect site if you are looking for something nice and reasonable priced gift for your students and anyone who loves something cute and usable at the same time.

For students I think they'd really appreciate the personalized duffle bag from Posylane. These soft. They are available in different colors. The designs are really nice.

Another great find on Posylane is the laundry bag and insulated lunch tote. It's made of 100% good material. I was so amazed when I found out at affordable costs each. I could get a dozen of these!

2010-01-05T23:34:00.000-08:00

ANNA UNIVERSITY RESULT

http://result.annauniv.edu/cgi-bin/result/re10.pl?regno=********

2009-12-29T09:40:00.000-08:00

SBA LOANS
Hi friends,Hope you all are ding well.With the economy hitting low, you'd think that no one would help you finance the small business you have been planning all those years.If you have an idea to start a new business or have been looking for further credit to fund your existing business for expansion;Here I suggest you where you can find loan. For Small Business Loans. Here you can find Fast Business Loans amounting $25000 to $35000 without submitting details of your business.
Before that you have to qualify the pre-qualify test which includes 7 questions to be answered. Once your details get verified then the process is very simple and You have submit the application as per your requirement. The consultation is absolutely free and the decision of approval of your loan is made on the same day and the details are kept confidential and secure. The payment is scheduled according to the money you have taken as the unsecured personal loans. Here we are offering you Business Loans and home business.
Our experts will also help you in improving the business by giving the ideas and analyzing the market value and growth for your business. If you want any loan then this is the perfect place where you can get the sba loans as per your desires and make your business successful.Now, it’s your time to make a big business.Just click the above links to know more. Hope this information is useful to all

2009-12-19T00:12:00.000-08:00

SINGLE!!!
An unamarried girl in the Kuttia Kond tribe in Orissa in Eastern India reveals that she is single by wearing three rings in her nose

2009-12-13T08:17:00.000-08:00

TWISTER

With 9 bhp of power and a claimed mileage of 70kmpl, Honda’s new CB Twister promises to shake up the 100-125cc segment. The lion’s share of the 100cc market belongs to Hero Honda, and their bikes also boast of such credentials. The path Honda took with this motorcycle is entirely different to one adopted by its Indian partner.

The CB Twister looks everything but a Hero Honda Splendor or Passion. Many of us yesterday expected to see a plain and boring commuter with puny tires and no personality.

By making the move of introducing a lower capacity motorcycle, Honda expects to see a change in customer perception and expand this section of the market.

As the name denotes, the 110cc CB Twister is inspired by bigger the CB1000R. The core USP of this motorcycle is its style, but there are plenty of other reasons why customers would buy this product.

You get features which aren’t seen on this side of town. Tubeless tyres, maintenance free battery and viscous air filter improve performance and reduce maintenance cost. Other features like short muffler and half chain are attributes that define how stylish this motorcycle is.

Though the design of the Honda CB Twister has been penned at Honda’s Italian design studio with the CB1000R as inspiration, the motorcycle is manufactured for the demanding Indian customer. Primarily to address the need of the Indian youngster in both rural and urban areas, the motorcycle will also be exported to other countries in the future.

Honda isn’t planning to introduce fuel injection or more powerful engines on the CB Twister, though it expressed interest in bringing bikes of capacity 180-250 to India in the future. Honda is also studying the possibility of electric and hybrid two-wheelers for Indian market in Japan (as revealed by Japanese designers of this motorcycle) but they too are at quite a distance.

The CB Twister is available in five colors – Yellow, Green, Black, Red and Blue. The base model is priced at 42,000 rupees and will be available in showroom in India by the end of February 2010.

2009-12-10T20:23:00.000-08:00

SNEAKERS !!!

These are the cool shoes nowdays for the younger generation with all new cool looks it can be used as the style mantra for denims and casual wear..most popular sneakers are converse and puma are making the markets...so just check out your sneakers and rule the road!!!!

2009-12-09T21:03:00.000-08:00

NEW STEALTH IN THE BLOCK

The USAF got a new team in their stealth designed aircrafts ..they are none other than the Lockheed Martin who secretly joined the mission..

The USAF confirms that the RQ-170 sentinel is in development and expected to hit the surveillance support forces which they stated on 4^th dec .The news comes after the various pictures pulled from the internet ..let hope for more information’s

2009-12-09T20:54:00.000-08:00

BAJAJ LEAVING SCOOTER!!!

Bajaj India leading bike manufacturer is closing the scooter sector from its unit...Bajaj who was ruling the scooter sector in1990 with their chetak and super models are closing the unit to concentrate more on bikes . The mission of Bajaj is to become the leading bike manufacturer in the world !!!!

2009-12-08T20:34:00.000-08:00

COOL NEWS FOR BLOGGER' S

There is good news for the bloggers. In fact domain like yahoo, blogspot and few others are free but they don’t offer various domain names.
So, for the domain names of your choice you need to buy. Now Free Blogs with various domain names are available with BlogDive.com.

Here you can create your Blogs on Cool Domains like wblog.ro, afacere.biz, acasa.info, unixclan.org, cracker.ro, evenmente.com, blogdive.com, isfast.com and many more.
Creating new blog is simple; just click into the site and push the sign-up button to fill the forms. Make sure that you choose the right domain as it is very important. They can be simple or complicated to remember.
The domain name that matches with your posts or thoughts you should choose. Say for gaming blog you can use player.ro and alike. Remember that BlogDive offers you free blogs on Wordpress only. So, no more boring blog domain names you can have what you like free of cost.

2009-12-04T22:39:00.001-08:00

DRIVE: Around The World in 80 Days – Volvo launches unique Facebook game

2009-12-04T22:36:00.000-08:00

Modern Warfare 2

2009-12-04T08:08:00.000-08:00

INTRODUCING: Video Store from PlayStation.

2009-12-04T08:07:00.000-08:00

Nokia: comes with unlimited music!

2009-12-04T08:05:00.000-08:00

Diesel U:Music Radio

2009-12-04T08:04:00.000-08:00

Live from 1963 and introducing the ELECTRONIC GUITAR, Alain du Monde presents the sound of the future Florence + Le Machine

2009-12-04T08:03:00.000-08:00

An infomercial break fronted by Alain du Monde. Discover why Claude the Hedgehog has gone off Jazz and realise theres nothing funny about a sad hedgehog.

2009-12-04T07:59:00.000-08:00

DANGERS OF ILLEGAL MINI CABS

2009-12-04T07:40:00.000-08:00

MEN'S SUIT

The selection of suits depends on the look we prefer .It can be casuals or formals. the suits are of two types 2 buttoned and 3 buttoned .
For working environment 2 buttoned suit would be essential and people who go around clubbing can wear a 3 buttoned suit which may be of denim type or the regular one which can be blended with denim trousers with a pair of sneakers will be looking cool ....

2009-12-04T07:28:00.000-08:00

STUDY IN SWEDEN

Students who are looking for higher studies in various degrees of master's can study their courses in Sweden.. It provide world class education with scolarships which is very usefull for the students who are lacking in finance ..What are u waiting for check out your courses and appy immediately and study in Sweden

2009-12-03T03:34:00.000-08:00

NEW MUV FROM MARUTHI
Maruthi SUZUKI launches the new version of MUV which hope fully replace the VERSA..The car is named APV which is priced 4 lakh rupees these veichle are solded in other countries like Australia and Paskistan...Let wait for the performance of the car hope it will be like SWIFT

2009-12-03T03:27:00.000-08:00

THE NEW SONATA
Hyundai have launched its new series of sonata. It made its first show in Los Angele's Auto Show it is aimed to price against the Toyota Camry,Honda Accord. The design of the car have some Aerodynamic feature which is the cutting edge in the car with all other features like sun window the car have At 189.8 in (4,820mm) long, 72.2 in. (1,835mm) wide and 57.9 in. (1,470mm) tall with a wheelbase of 110 in. (2,795mm)..It is designed with all new interiors and smooth finish the new Sonata is 25 percent stiffer in torsion and 19 percent stiffer in bending rigidity than its predecessor. the new Sonata will be offered with various goodies including a high-end Infinity audio system with a 400-watt amplifier and a touch screen navigation system.

2009-12-01T20:54:00.000-08:00

A cork screw is a tool for drawing corks from the wine bottles it consist of a pointed metallic helic attached to a handle the cork screw is possibly an English invention due to their tradition of Beer and Cider

2009-12-01T20:47:00.000-08:00

2100 standard drinks of Bundaberg rum are sold every hour in AUSTRALIA

2009-11-26T22:32:00.000-08:00

PORSCHE: HELOOO INDIA

Porsche is having two Boxter models.One is the Porsche Boxter and the other one is Porsche Boxter S. Bothe have somewhat same design in its interior and its exterior. But the engine specification is much different.

Boxter is having 255hp@6400rpm, 0 – 60 mph : 5.6s, Top Track speed : 163

Price: Rs.52.87 lakhs

Boxter S310hp@6400rpm, 0- 60mph : 5.0s, Top Track speed : 170mph Price : Rs.55.79 lakhs

2009-11-26T22:29:00.000-08:00

DR.DOG

Hypo alert dogs is the new sysytem which is practised by British goverment to find the disease like diabetice …These are done by well trained dogs which sniff the urine samples and blood samples to find the disease …Now there are 17 dogs in the team which is held by DR Jhon..this test is 86%accurate ..

2009-11-25T06:45:00.000-08:00

MRI
Are you among those who loved the field of science you learn and you wanted to search for knowledge about who you like it?Would you like to search for useful knowledge about good science?You do not need to worry about all your problems are, because we can help you quickly and does not require a lot of time.Science which will you get here is a science that can bring you the good things constantly.If indeed you are interested in this place, then immediately list and visit this nice place MRI now.Here you can also get service and facilities very good and it all has never been in a place other than this good place. Thus either immediately visit this place right now, you never wasted a good opportunity, take advantage of this opportunity now, because it is a good chance it may not be able to come for a second time.Soon to come and visit this nice place right now.

2009-11-15T06:49:00.000-08:00

How To Make A Paper Airplane

MATERIALS NEEDED:

1. One sheet of paper. Common notebook paper or stationery should work quite well.

The paper used must be rectangular in shape with straight, smooth edges and square (90°) corners. In order to provide the necessary stiffness and ease of folding the paper's weight should be at least 18 pound but not more than 28 pound paper. The size of the paper is less important than the features already discussed. It may range from about 4x6 inches to about 11x14 inches (lighter weight paper is more suitable for smaller sheet sizes).

The "weight" of paper offers an approximation of how thick and how stiff each sheet is. The term actually refers to the weight of a stack of 500 sheets of paper (of a certain size, which I have forgotten; possibly 17x22 inches?).

2. A smooth, flat worksurface

The work surface should be at least as large as the sheet of paper and offer a firm, stable surface to support the paper while it is being folded.

3. OPTIONAL: One pair of scissors or paper shears.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1

Fold the paper in half lengthways. Crease this fold well, then reverse it (open up the folded page and fold it along the same line in the opposite direction; in other words, turn it inside out) and crease again.

This fold is the foundation of all that follows and it is important that it is done properly. Ensure that the long edges of the paper are carefully aligned so that they are flush with one another over their whole length before creasing the fold.

Step 2

Fold down the top left corner until the top edge of the left half of the page is aligned with the first fold.

Step 3

Fold down the top right corner until the top edge of the right half of the paper is aligned with the first fold.

Step 4

Fold the point down. Steps two and three form a "point" at the top of the page. Fold this point down (toward you) so that the flaps formed in steps two and three are on the inside of the fold. Make the fold as high up on the page as possible without folding or crushing the flaps which are on the inside of this fold.

Step 5

Fold in half lengthways (along the original fold from step 1) towards the back so that the folded-down point is on the outside of the fold.

Step 6

Tear or cut a notch in the upper corners. If you have scissors available they will provide an easier and more attractive way to make the notches. Remove a square (about ½ inch) from the outer corners. Make sure you do not cut your notch along the center fold.

Step 7

Open the fold from step five so that the point is again on top and pointed toward the bottom of the page. The notched corners will be at the top of the page.

Step 8

Fold down the top left corner so that the top edge of the left half of the page is aligned with the center fold. This step is very similar to step two.

Step 9

Fold down the top right corner so that the top edge of the right half of the page is aligned with the center fold. This step is very similar to step three.

Step 10

Fold up the tip of the point to hold the flaps in place. Steps eight and nine created two "flaps" which expose the tip of the point (which was created in steps three and four) through the notches created in step six. Fold the exposed tip of the point up so that it covers the edges of the two flaps. This will hold those flaps in the proper position during flight.

Step 11

Fold the right side of the page back along the center fold so the the flaps and point are exposed on the outside. This creates two panels folded back-to-back along the center fold, with the notches and upturned point on the outside of the fold and the inside faces of the panels being smooth.

Step 12

Rotate the page clockwise 90° so that the angled portion is to the right and the square end is to the left.

Fold down the right wing. This fold lifts just the top panel created in step 11 and folds it "in half" so that the angled upper edge of the panel is parallel to and even with the original center fold (now at the bottom of the page).

Step 13

Flip the page over, left to right so that the fold created in step 12 is down against the work surface and the angled edge is at the top and left and the square end (now possibly with the protuding tail of the wing created in step 12, depending upon the length-to-width proportions of the original sheet of paper) is to the right.

Fold down the left wing. This fold is a mirror image of the one just completed in step 12. The angled edge is folded down so that it is parellel to and even with the original center fold.

Finished Plane

The plane is now finished and ready to fly!

Here is a side view and a top view of the plane after step 13 is completed and the plane is allowed to "open up" naturally.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:

The original assignment was to write instructions for "how to make a paper airplane," but now that you've gone to the trouble of making one it might be useful to have some intructions regarding how to operate it. As mentioned above, the finished plane tends to "open up" a bit when it is released. In order to launch the plane you must get the plane back to its fully folded position as it was at the completion of step 13. Then, allowing the two wings to open upward until their two smooth top surfaces are parallel to each other, grasp the base of the plane between your thumb and forefinger at about the center point along the length of the first center fold. If you used an 8½x11 inch page this will probably be about where the turned-up tip of the point holds the wing flaps in place.This grip will hold the center of the plane together so that the plane will have a "T" shape when viewed head-on from the tip - the wings will be flat and level with the ground and the central base of the plane will extend downward perpendicular to the wings.

To launch the plane select an area with few obstructions, either indoors or outdoors (unless it is very windy). An especially nice place to launch paper planes from is a second- or third-floor balcony - if you don't mind going down and up the stairs to retrieve the plane after each flight. The plane should be launched, point-first (with the narrow, pointed tip toward the front; the direction of travel will be approximately parallel with the original center fold of the plane which is now at its bottom), at a medium speed (it does not perform well when thrown very hard or fast) at a level or slightly upward trajectory.

You may experiment with folding the tips of the wings slightly upward or downward or with cutting the tail of the plane off entirely a short distance behind the folded-up tip of the point on its base. It will still perform fairly well after a number of these modifications, but I find that I am most pleased with its performance when folded just as described in the 13 steps above.

2009-11-15T06:39:00.000-08:00

ZIPPERS!!!!

Add some edge to your wardrobe with these exposed zippers dresses. Exposed zippers are also popping up as a decorative element on shirts, jeans and shoes. Shown Free People One Shoulder Zipper Dress Catherine Malandrino Cap Sleeve Shift Dress with Antique Neckline

2009-11-15T06:33:00.000-08:00

BENZ- CARLSSON

The Carlsson crew is constantly striving to develop new tuning packages for every single model in the Mercedes-Benz lineup. This time the German tuning house has launched a comprehensive package comprising of styling and mechanical upgrades for the GL-Class range. Starting off with the design kit, Carlsson has developed a full body kit that consists of a kitschy chrome grille (we could certainly do without that), bonnet add-ons, a front apron with integrated LED daytime running lights, side skirts and a new rear skirt attachment that houses the two oval stainless steel tailpipes.

The aerodynamic kit is priced at a hefty €8,499 (excl. VAT) while an extra €4,189 (again without VAT) will get you a set of 22-inch alloy wheels wrapped in 295/35 R22 high-performance Dunlop tyres.

To match the SUVs looks, Carlsson has developed performance enhancements for both petrol and diesel variants of the GL-Class. More specifically, the CK50 kit (€3,192 excl. VAT) for the GL 500 nudges the V8 petrol’s output from 388HP to 435HP and torque from 530 to 600 Nm.

Carlsson also increases the performance of the diesel models, with the GL 420 CDI producing 354 HP instead of 306HP (€1,299 excl. VAT) and the CL 320 CDI 269 HP, up from 224 HP (€1,499 excl. VAT).

To top things off, the tuner has developed the C-Tronic SUSPENSION system that lowers the SUV’s ride height by up to 30 mm while the control unit also recognizes the road characteristics and continually adjusts the remaining spring travel. The system that is for the GL-Class models with AIRMATIC-suspension

2009-11-12T05:24:00.001-08:00

FUNNY MYTH
In Greek culture .bride carrya lump of sugar in their wedding glove .Its supposed to bring sweetness to their married life ..

2009-11-12T05:16:00.000-08:00

FUN TOYS & GIFTS
Christmas is just few weeks away and it is time to have celebration and joy. Christmas time is always been a fun time for children’s. Children will expect Christmas gift from Santa Claus. Do you want to surprise others with gift on this Christmas?
Personalized gifts come with exciting offers and it is best time for you to buy favorite product over here at cheap price. You can get quality nap mat product which worth a lot. It is also the best place to get branded products and some special brand products like personalized pillowcases are available here with discounts.
Ezy Roller over here are best and there are many designs available here with better standards. You can look out for personalized kids backpacks over here to make your gift more special. They also offering more gifting products and it are up to us to visit this site soon and make use of it.

2009-11-11T06:22:00.000-08:00

ITS TIME TO BATH....
It is that time of year to start thinking about holiday gifts and winter time means cold times ahead. When we think gifts we think of our friends over at Posylane. They have us covered on both fronts as a gift and it is perfect for winter. We are talking about a terry bath robe that has become the gold standard as they are very thick, warm and feature mid-calf length, 3/4 sleeves, multi-needle stitching, two patch pockets, double belt loops, and a matching belt. These also can be costumed with an Embroider or Monogram. If you are luckier to live in a warmer weather region the waffle bath robe is lighter in weight but exactly the same other wise. We find the bath wrap an extremely sexy gift that can be just as hot a any lingere. These bath wrap are softer than terry cloth and are available in three sizes and nine colors. You can even combine a personalized waffle bath robe with a personalized laundry bag or personalized duffle bag. The come in three sizes for a child, teen, as well as adult size.

2009-11-09T07:48:00.000-08:00

DOLLARS!!!
If a million dollar were stacked in US$ bills, the stack would be 110m high!!!

2009-11-06T07:11:00.000-08:00

1314
In 1314 soccer was banned in england beacuse its too viloent!!!

2009-11-06T07:05:00.000-08:00

MYTHS!!!!
In olden days there waz a myth if girls leaves her home during valentiens day and the first person she meets is a man.Then they will be married within three months now ” thats the myth that needs no breaking”

2009-11-04T21:44:00.000-08:00

MONEY

What makes money notes??? Not paper, but mostly a blend of cotton and linen fibers!!!

2009-11-04T21:42:00.000-08:00

PETS ARE BLESSED!!!
Americans and Europeans spends US$ 17 billion per year on food for their pets !!!

2009-11-02T20:52:00.000-08:00

EVER VISITED???
Have you ever visited “Taumatawhakatangiha ngakoauauotamateaturi pukakapikimaungahoro nukupokaiwe-nuakit natahu??????? Thats the hill in NewZeland with the longest place name!!!!!

2009-11-02T20:48:00.000-08:00

DRINK AND DRIVE IS A EXCUSE
While in some countries the penalty for driving under the influence of alcohol can be death,in uruguay things are done differently! intoxiaction is legal excuse for having an accident while driving

2009-11-02T07:29:00.001-08:00

STRANGE
An award winning adaptation of little red riding hood was withdrawn from a recommended reading list by the school board in culver city ,California ,simply because the heroine had included a bottle of wine in the basket she brought to her grand mother..

2009-11-02T07:26:00.000-08:00

FACTS
Chicory greens are low in saturated fat and cholestrol. It is high in dietary fibre,vitamin A,C,E,K ,iron,magnesium,potassium,zinc…

2009-10-23T03:47:00.000-07:00

INSULATED LUNCH TOTE
If you are in search of a place where you will found all the child accessories towelwraps ,terry towel wrap and insulated lunch tote etc then posylane.com is the right place for you.Posylane provides you a broad range of each and every item of your requirement within your budget.Lets take a look at the toddler backpack that they provides.Here,at posylane you will find a great collection of posylane nap mats.Their nap mat are made from high quality material of nylon and cotton with a ribbon trimmed, soft, fleecy blanket.They are also available in lot of attractive designs like Black with hot pink polka dot,cadet,pink pony border and many more.Now take a look at the kids backpacks that they provide.Here they provide you their huge collection of Stephen Joseph and Mint toddler backpacks, nap mat.As all we know that Stephen Joseph and Mint Coddler backpack are world wide famous for their high quality design of their personalized duffle bag.In addition to this these backpacks had some additional features like they had comfortable shoulder straps,it has 100% cotton twill outer and etc.They also provide laundry bag in hwich used clothes can be done for laundry these also avialable at different colours and size.

2009-10-05T22:44:00.000-07:00

TOWEL WRAP
If you are in search of a place where you will found all the child accessories towelwraps ,terry towel wrap and personalized duffle bag etc then posylane.com is the right place for you.Posylane provides you a broad range of each and every item of your requirement within your budget.Lets take a look at the terry towel wrap that they provides.Here,at posylane you will find a great collection of posylane nap mats.Their towel wraps are made from high quality material of nylon and cotton with a ribbon trimmed, soft, fleecy blanket.They are also available in lot of attractive designs like Black with hot pink polka dot,cadet,pink pony border and many more.Now take a look at the kids backpacks that they provide.Here they provide you their huge collection of Stephen Joseph and Mint toddler backpacks, towel wrap .As all we know that Stephen Joseph and Mint Coddler backpack are world wide famous for their high quality design of their personalized duffle bag.In addition to this these backpacks had some additional features like they had comfortable shoulder straps,it has 100% cotton twill outer and etc.They also provide laundry bag in hwich used clothes can be done for laundry these also avialable at different colours and size.

2009-09-09T10:46:00.000-07:00

HERE COMES THE TALL

After a brief lull, Dubai is back to its biggest and tallest ways and once again it is a building that is set to make the statement. As a step in this direction, Trident International Holdings has awarded a USD 400 million contract to Arabian Construct ion Company (ACC) to build the world''s tallest residential tower the ''Pentominium'' in Dubai Marina.
According to the developer, the 124 floor Pentominium "whose name is derived from two words: penthouse and condominium" will be one of the world''s tallest man-made structures and is projected to be the second-tallest building in the world after Burj Dubai. Each apartment in the 618 metres tower will consist of either half a floor, or an entire floor.
The total built-up area will be 170,000 square metres and the construction duration is expected to take 48 months, a company statement released yesterday said. The Pentominium will be the tallest all-residential building in the world upon completion and it currently has the highest projected height of any residential building under construction, according to Aedas, the project designers.
Executive Director and CEO of Trident International Holdings, Wazir Daredia, said "Pentominium is a unique project that escalates the concept of luxury living to new heights and with construction major ACC on board, the project has joined an exquisite bouquet of brand partnerships we have forged for the development.

2009-09-04T08:14:00.001-07:00

YSR!!!!

More than 60 people across Andhra have died of shock or committed suicide after the death of their CM YSR Reddy

2009-08-29T06:15:00.000-07:00

CHANDRAYAN LOST RADIO CONTACT

Bangalore, Aug 29 (IANS) Radio contact with India's first lunarcraft Chandrayaan-1 was abruptly lost early Saturday, the Indian space agency said.

'The contact was lost at 01.30 IST as the deep space network (DSN) at Byalalu, about 40 km from Bangalore, received the data from the lunarcraft during the previous orbit up to 00.25 IST,' according to an Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) statement here.

The space scientists are reviewing the telemetry data to analyse the health of the spacecraft's sub-systems.

Chandrayaan was launched Oct 22, 2008 from India's only spaceport Sriharikota, about 90 km from northeast of Chennai, on board the polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV).

'The spacecraft has completed 312 days in orbit, making over 3,400 orbits around the moon and providing large volume of data from sophisticated sensors like terrain mapping camera, hyper-spectral imager, moon mineralogy mapper and so on, meeting most of the scientific objectives of the mission,' the statement added.

2009-08-27T08:16:00.000-07:00

IATA UPDATE

Through June 2009:

Total international: -21.3% year-on-year;

Within Far East: -29.0%;

Within Middle East: -11.6%;

Within North America: -26.3%;

Within Southwest Pacific: -3.6%;

Within Europe: -31.3%;

Six months ended June 2009:

Total international: -20.7%;

Within Far East: -27.4%;

Within Middle East: -9.6%;

Within North America: -19.0%;

Within Southwest Pacific: -12.1%;

Within Europe: -28.3%.

IATA: “Notably the decline moderated in both premium and economy travel in June. The number of passengers travelling on economy tickets has shown signs of reaching a floor since March, but until June that seemed largely due to business travellers switching from premium to economy seats rather than any underlying stabilisation of demand.

In June numbers travelling on economy tickets fell by 5.5% compared to a larger 7.6% decline in May. The decline in premium travel numbers also moderated, from 23.6% in May to 21.3% in June. However, this improvement was not seen consistently across all geographical markets. Some key Asian markets saw a further deterioration in June.

Since economic conditions improved in many key Asian economies during the second quarter this further deterioration in air travel is likely due to continued concerns over influenza A (H1N1). But the issue now is that this stabilisation of passenger numbers is partly being achieved at the expense of much lower yields, as airlines seek to boost cash flow by making more cheaper seats available. Revenues from premium travel fell an estimated 33% in Q1 and 41% in Q2 and was still declining at a rate close to 40% in June,” IATA statement.

2009-08-17T10:31:00.000-07:00

CHINA

Its been tough doing business in China - what with nasty fare pricing and oil costs all "managed" by the state. Fuel hedging gains helped China Eastern make a profit in the 1H09 despite a 15.6% fall in revenue. The airline remains bullish for the second half, saying economic growth in China remained strong and that it would benefit from World Expo which is being held in Shanghai next year. Readers might interested to know China's growth is estimated to be over 8% this year - an amazing number given the state of the world and the size of China.

China Eastern is one of China’s big three and reported a net profit of Rmb984.7m, compared with a loss of Rmb175.3m in the same period last year. The airline made a Rmb2.79bn profit from fuel hedging in the first six months of this year after a rise in oil price, contrasting with a Rmb15.3bn loss last year on hedging that led to the airline receiving Rmb7bn in state aid. Without that hedge it would have been an awful picture.

China Eastern’s performance is similar to that of Cathay Pacific, which reported a profit for the first half thanks to fuel hedge gains despite falling revenues. Domestic traffic rose 27% (wow!) from the same period last year, largely due to the state bail-out, offsetting large falls in demand on its international and regional routes. Clearly China's stimulus is a lot more successful than the one in the US.

Sales on international and regional routes dropped 38.3% and 22.3% respectively. The global financial crisis also hit its cargo arm, where sales fell 44.7%. Clearly the positive results could be based on an iffy situation which can be knocked over easily. So the airline is not out of the woods. The overall market has to improve considerably for confidence to really kick in.

2009-08-14T10:44:00.000-07:00

CARDS

A superb and high quality free greeting cards site with hundreds of electronic postcards on offer. As a bonus, this site also includes a range of free printable cards, which tend to make more of a hit than their electronic counterparts. and it offers cards for almost any occasion. Some of the categories here include: Birthdays, "Thank You", Congratulations, Funny, Graduation, etc.It is wonderfull site of cards ...nice variety of selections

2009-08-10T10:57:00.000-07:00

Bombardier sells more Q-400s
Bombardier announced today that it received a signed, firm order for five Q400 NextGen turboprops. The airline which placed the order requested to remain undisclosed at this time, and has also taken options on an additional five Q400 NextGen aircraft.
Based on the list price for the Q400NG, the firm order contract is valued at approximately $159m and could rise to $332m if the five options are exercised. The transaction announced today increases firm orders for Q400/Q400NG to 362, with 245 delivered as of April 30, 2009. Q400 and Q400NG are in service with, or have been ordered by, 30 operators around the world.
This is very encouraging for Bombardier given last year's aggravation with SAS. This airplane remains in many ways unique in its class. ATR does not seems to be able to catch up and capitalize on the fumbles.

2009-07-31T03:57:00.000-07:00

NEWS

It is amazing that India cannot let go if its meddling ways. With an employee ratio of over 200 per plane, Air India burns through cash at a frightening rate. Being state owned, it has too much of everything - except brains. The state creates jobs for pals and voters.So the Indian government has thrown flag carrier Air India a lifeline by offering a financial aid package on condition it undertakes a “massive cost reduction” program. The offer by the prime minister follows his meeting with the airline’s new chairman and managing director. With the election behind it, job cuts can be made at minimal political risk.Praful Patel, India’s aviation minister, said: “The government is fully committed to Air India to tide it over the present crisis”. However he added that as a condition Air India “must shape up, become leaner and trimmer, and also must put its best foot forward”. Patel said Air India, and the unions that represent its 31,000 workforce, must undertake radical cost-cutting and other financial improvements to qualify for the assistance.The airline has already said it was looking to cut $103m in staffing costs, about 17% of its total wage bill as it faces its worst liquidity crisis in its 75-year history. Good luck on this project -the reaction will be horrible. Remember when Jet cut its staff? There were protests that brought the state into the fray and the airline backed down.Debts are running at $4bn and last week Jadhav asked 150 top executives to voluntarily forgo salaries in July, and announced that June pay for staffers would be delayed by two weeks. In India this is a radical move - probably unprecedented.“This is an hour of crisis for all of us,” Jadhav said in an e-mail circulated to staff. “It is a fight for survival – the survival of our airline. I am looking for every single employee of our airline to rise to the challenge.” He has been listening carefully to WW don't you think?The government is reviewing the carrier’s order for more than 100 new aircraft, about half of which have yet to be delivered. So delivery delays can be expected. It also intends to shake up Air India’s board by appointing eight independent directors.After years of monopoly, Air India’s domestic market is coming under increasing pressure from leaner private airlines, reflected in its share in passenger traffic falling from 38% in 2004 to 15% this year. On an international level, markets are being eroded by intensifying competition from Gulf carriers, which are expanding aggressively into India. In other words, Emirates is eating their lunch. The Indian airlines are all under pressure.

2009-07-29T05:05:00.000-07:00

ARIHANT

July 19, 2009 - India's first nuclear powered submarine will at best be a technology demonstrator and test bed for developing operational nuclear capabilities.Not much is known for sure about the submarine developed under the super secretive Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) at this point of time, but the rough picture that emerges is of a 7,000 ton submarine powered by a 80MW PWR using enriched uranium. Current Indian submarine building expertise is based on the two German HDW 209 1500 submarines – INS Shalki and INS Shankul - that it built in the late eighties to early nineties.India does not have any submarine design experience let alone for a 7,000 ton class boat.It is likely Arihant is based on the Russian Charlie II submarine that India got to study when it leased INS Chakra for three years from 1988-91.Arihant likely incorporates a lot of advancements in propulsion, noise suppression, command and control, communication and sonar that the Russians learnt since they built the Charlie II subs, as well as what the Indians learnt while building the HDW boats.Unofficial illustrations of the boat show elements of Akula design like the towed sonar at the aft. However, Arihant is unlikely to be based on the Akula II or the more modern Graney class Russian subs, as reported in some sections of the press, since these subs use a twin hull design and are therefore considerably heavier.It is likely India has sourced components like propellers and shafts from Russia for the boat to minimize risks.The stress must have been to build a safe nuclear propulsion unit and adding ballistic missile launching capability to the submarine.Officially, India has consistently linked its ATV project to the need for a sea based credible nuclear deterrent. It can be assumed the ATV will carry nuclear capable missiles. It is not an SSN but an SSBN.The ATV is reportedly equipped with 4 launch tubes of 2.4m diameter each. Initially, each missile tube will likely accommodate 3 0.74m diameter K-15 Sagarika missile. Later the tubes could accommodate the 2.0m diameter Agni IIISL (The submarine launched version of the Agni V / Agni 3+) missiles with MIRV capability.Once Arihant's nuclear propulsion is proven the stress will shift to weapon testing.The Sagarika's limited range of 700km makes it inadequate even as a deterrent against Pakistan, let alone China.Hopefully, DRDO will be ready with the Agni IIISL within a year or two. It is likely that followup nuclear subs will accommodate more sections to carry at least 12 launch tubes.Followup Arihant class subs will represent a credible nuclear deterrent only when they are fielded with at least 12 Agni IIISL missiles capable of striking targets in most of China from within Indian coastal waters.It could well be another 10 years before that capability is reached.The ATV project appears to be well conceived and carefully calibrated. It has a good chance of succeeding despite past delay. Indian nuclear and missile technology is well developed and reasonably advanced, though DRDO's past record has not always been stellar.

2009-07-21T10:10:00.000-07:00

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2009-07-20T06:29:00.000-07:00

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2009-07-18T08:49:00.000-07:00

BLOOD HOUND

It will be faster than a speeding bullet: a pencil-shaped car powered by a jet engine and a rocket, roaring across a desert at 1,000mph.
If all goes to plan, Bloodhound SSC will break the land speed record by the largest ever margin, and, in 40 seconds of breathtaking thrust, inspire thousands of British school children to take science A levels.
Today, at the Science Museum, the project to build this car will be announced by Lord Drayson, the Science Minister, who in 2006 first proposed the project to the two men who between them have held the land speed record for 25 years.
Richard Noble, engineer, adventurer, and former wallpaper salesman, reached 633mph (1,019km/h) as he drove a turbojet-powered car named Thrust 2 across the Nevada desert. In 1997, he headed the project to build the Thrust SSC, driven by Andy Green, an RAF pilot, at 766mph.
Lord Drayson could understand the desire to drive fast. In his spare time, he raced his Aston Martin DBRS9 around Silverstone at up to 160mph.
“Andy Green was one of my personal heroes,” he said. “I wanted to meet him. At the time there was a rumour that Steve Fossett [the late American businessman and aviator] was building a car that would do 800mph. They said they could do 1,000mph.
“I thought, wow. What's it like to drive 1,000mph? How cool is that?” He told the two men that Britain's shortage of science graduates was so serious that the MoD was struggling to recruit enough engineers. (This month the Science Minister tried a different tack to encourage children to study maths and physics, by declaring his support for manned space missions.)
The task of driving the vehicle will fall to Wing Commander Green, 46, who will lie feet-first in the Bloodhound. As the car accelerates, from 0-1,050mph in 40 seconds, he will experience a force of 2.5G (2 times his bodyweight) and the blood will rush to his head.
As he decelerates, experiencing forces of up to 3G, the blood will drain to his feet and he could black out. He will practise for this pounding in a stunt aircraft, flying upside-down over the British countryside.
Since the car covers the length of four football pitches every second, he will require lightning reflexes. In 1997, as Thrust SSC passed through the sound barrier, it swung sideways and he locked the steering wheel at 90 degrees to recover.
Mr Noble said: “The car was probably a few thousandths of an inch out on one side and it blew 100ft left.”
No one is sure what problems await a car that travels 300mph faster.
A prototype jet engine, developed for the Eurofighter and bound for a museum, was donated to the project. This will take the car to 300mph, after which a “bespoke”' hybrid rocket designed by Daniel “Rocket Dan” Jubb, 24, from Manchester, who built his first rocket at the age of 5, and now supplies the US military, will boost the car up to 1,000mph.

2009-07-17T23:57:00.000-07:00

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2009-07-04T02:02:00.000-07:00

Interview With ISRO's Madhavan Nair

How do you assess cooperation of India and Russia in space?
ISRO has had a long standing and successful co-operation with the erstwhile USSR in Space with the active participation of USSR in setting up the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in early Sixties, Joint meteorological studies using more than 1000 meteorological sounding rockets launched from Thumba supplied from USSR and launching for India's Aryabhata, Bhaskara-I and 2 and for IRS-1A, 1B and IRS-1C in addition to the Tracking support for several Indian satellites.
The most significant and successful co-operation with Russia is the development and supply of the cryogenic engines for the Geo-stationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) on a commercial basis. A historical milestone in Indo-Russian Space Co-operation was achieved in 2001 when Indian Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle successfully demonstrated its capability in its first development flight using the Russian developed Cryogenic Stage (CS) as its third stage.
India considers Russia as the long standing partner in the field of space from the inception stage of Indian Space Programme.
Is this cooperation diversified enough? What would you like to improve in it?
India cooperates with Russia in many fields of exploration and peaceful uses of outer space. It has many currently operational agreements in the fields of moon exploration, global navigation system, human space flight, spacecraft building for atmospheric studies, etc.
India would like to further strengthen the cooperation in the above fields and also would like to cooperate further in developing cheaper and reusable means of access to the space.
Can you disclose details of the proposed manned space missions in 2013 and 2015?
ISRO has prepared a Project Report for deploying a space capsule for carrying two humans to low earth orbit of about 275 km for a duration of about a week which is being processed for approval. Once approved, formal approval from the Government is awaited. The first mission is likely during 2015.
When the approval of the manned space mission is expected?
Chandrayan I has been India's great success. How does it do on the orbit - any signs of water or Helium-3 so far? What main achievements it has made so far?
Chandrayaan has successfully completed 9 months of satisfactory operation in orbit and has sent vast amount of data on unique features of lunar surface. Presently the data is being analysed by scientific community from India and abroad. As of now, we have not found any signs of water or Helium-3.
How is work progressing on Chandrayan II, what is project status?
We have an operational agreement for a joint unmanned lunar landing mission and the definition of the mission has been completed. The Chandrayaan-2 mission will have an orbital flight vehicle constituting an Orbiter Craft (OC) and Lunar Craft (LC) that will carry a soft landing system up to Lunar Transfer Trajectory (LTT).
The target location for the Lander-rover will be identified using data from Chandrayaan-1 instruments. ISRO is responsible for developing the Orbiter while Russia is responsible for developing the Lander and Rover. Additional scientific payloads will be acquired from international scientific community through announcement of opportunity.
The mission is targeted for 2011-12.
When the launch of YouthSat satellite will take place? Can we expect YouthSat-2 any time soon?To encourage the participation of students community in spacecraft building and data utilization, a satellite project involving students from Indian and Russian Universities has been conceived under the Mini Satellite Programme of ISRO.
Accordingly a satellite named as Youthsat with 2 scientific payloads from ISRO and one from Moscow State University are planned to be flown to study the phenomenon of solar flare and ionospherical studies. YOUTHSAT is planned to be launched along with Resourcesat-2 in the third quarter of 2009.
Of course, we can expect similar projects coming up in future such missions are highly beneficial in motivating the younger generation.
Has the slowdown in the economy cast any effect on Indian space program? In what field?
Indian space programme is oriented towards research and development in spacescience
and technology. These programmes are also must for development of society and government fully supports such activities.
What is the status of Mark III rocket project?
Activities related to GSLV-Mark III capable of putting a 4 tonne satellite into GTO is progressing satisfactorily. Various facilities needed for development of the vehicle have been commissioned. The first launch is targeted for 2010-11.
India is a serious player on imaging market. How big share India can take of the global market in this regard, what are targets? When 'Bhuvan' project will be complete and ready? Will it be free like Google Earth but much better? What is status?
The data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites are received at 24 stations across the globe. Our share of remote sensing satellite data is about 18 to 20 percent of the global market. Bhuvan is a web based portal service providing access to 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional data from IRS satellites and geo-spatial information generated from them. The Bhuvan is currently under test and evaluation.
What is status of Mars mission project? How far ISRO ambitions are reaching?Mars mission is presently under study. We are awaiting interesting scientific proposals from the scientific community. Only after reviewing the scientific experiments/proposals project proposal will be finalised.

2009-07-02T05:49:00.000-07:00

nAvigAtiOn And PlaNNinG
Overview and basic terminology

A flight planning system may need to produce more than one flight plan for a single flight:

Summary plan for Air Traffic Control (in FAA and/or ICAO format).
Summary plan for direct download into an onboard flight management system.
Detailed plan for use by pilots.
The basic purpose of a flight planning system is to calculate how much trip fuel is needed in the air navigation process by an aircraft when flying from an origin airport to a destination airport. Aircraft must also carry some reserve fuel to allow for unforeseen circumstances, such as an inaccurate weather forecast, or Air Traffic Control requiring an aircraft to fly at a lower height than optimum due to congestion, or some last-minute passengers whose weight was not allowed for when the flight plan was prepared. The way in which reserve fuel is determined varies greatly, depending on airline and locality. The most common methods are:

USA domestic operations conducted under Instrument Flight Rules: enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing, then fly to an alternate airport (if weather conditions require an alternate airport), then for 45 minutes thereafter at normal cruising speed.
percentage of time: typically 10%, i.e. a 10 hour flight needs enough reserve to fly for another hour.
percentage of fuel: typically 5%, i.e. a flight requiring 20,000 kg of fuel needs a reserve of 1,000 kg.
Except for some USA domestic flights, a flight plan normally has an alternate airport as well as a destination airport. The alternate airport is for use in case the destination airport becomes unusable while the flight is in progress (due to weather conditions, a strike, a crash, terrorist activity, etc.). This means that when the aircraft gets near the destination airport, it must still have enough alternate fuel and alternate reserve available to fly on from there to the alternate airport. Since the aircraft is not expected at the alternate airport, it must also have enough holding fuel to circle for a while (typically 30 minutes) near the alternate airport while a landing slot is found. United States domestic flights are not required to have sufficient fuel to proceed to an alternate airport when the weather at the destination is forecast to be better than 2,000-foot (610 m) ceilings and 3 statute miles of visibility; however, the 45-minute reserve at normal cruising speed still applies.

It is often considered a good idea to have the alternate some distance away from the destination (e.g. 100 miles) so that bad weather is unlikely to close both the destination and the alternate; distances up to 600 miles (970 km) are not unknown. In some cases the destination airport may be so remote (e.g. Pacific island) that there is no feasible alternate airport; in such a situation an airline may instead include enough fuel to circle for 2 hours near the destination, in the hope that the airport will become available again within that time.
There is often more than one possible route between two airports. Subject to safety requirements, commercial airlines generally wish to minimise costs by appropriate choice of route, speed, and height.

Various names are given to weights associated with an aircraft and/or the total weight of the aircraft at various stages.

Payload is the total weight of the passengers, their luggage, and any cargo. A commercial airline makes its money by charging to carry payload.
Operating weight empty is the basic weight of the aircraft when ready for operation, including crew but excluding any payload or fuel.
Zero fuel weight is the sum of operating weight empty and payload, i.e. the laden weight of an aircraft, excluding any fuel.
Ramp weight is the weight of an aircraft at the terminal building when ready for departure. This includes the zero fuel weight and all required fuel.
Brake release weight is the weight of an aircraft at the start of a runway, just prior to take-off. This is the ramp weight minus any fuel used for taxiing. Major airports may have runways which are about two miles (3 km) long, so merely taxiing from the terminal to the end of the runway might consume up to a ton of fuel. After taxiing the pilot lines up the aircraft with the runway and puts the brakes on. On receiving take-off clearance, the pilot throttles up the engines and releases the brakes to start accelerating along the runway in preparation for taking off.
Take off weight is the weight of an aircraft as it takes off part way along a runway. Few flight planning systems calculate the actual take-off weight; instead, the fuel used for taking off is counted as part of the fuel used for climbing up to the normal cruise height.
Landing weight is the weight of an aircraft as it lands at the destination. This is the brake release weight minus the trip fuel burnt. It includes the zero fuel weight and all alternate, holding, and reserve fuel.
When twin-engine aircraft are flying across oceans, deserts, etc. the route must be carefully planned so that the aircraft can always reach an airport, even if one engine fails. The applicable rules are known as ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards). The general reliability of the particular type of aircraft and its engines and the maintenance quality of the airline are taken into account when specifying for how long such an aircraft may fly with only one engine operating (typically from 1 to 3 hours).

Flight planning systems must be able to cope with aircraft flying below sea level, which will often result in a negative altitude. For example Amsterdam Schiphol Airport has an elevation of -3 metres. The surface of the Dead Sea is 417 metres below sea level, so low level flights in this vicinity can be well below sea level.[2]

Units of measurement
Flight plans use an unusual mixture of metric and non-metric units of measurement. The particular units used may vary by aircraft, by airline, and by location (e.g. different height units may be used at different points during a single flight).

Distance units
Distances are always measured in nautical miles, as calculated at a height of 32,000 feet (9,800 m), with due allowance for the fact that the earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere.
Aviation charts always show distances as rounded to the nearest nautical mile, and these are the distances which are shown on a flight plan. Flight planning systems may need to use the unrounded values in their internal calculations for improved accuracy.
Fuel units
There are a variety of ways in which fuel can be measured, depending mainly on the gauges fitted to a particular aircraft. The most common unit of fuel measurement is kilograms; other possible measures include pounds, UK gallons, US gallons, and litres. When fuel is measured by weight the specific gravity of the fuel must be taken into account when checking tank capacity. Specific gravity may vary depending on the location and the supplier.
There has been at least one occasion on which an aircraft ran out of fuel due to an error in converting between kilograms and pounds. In this particular case the flight crew managed to glide to a nearby airport and land safely.
Many airlines request that fuel quantities be rounded to a multiple of 10 or 100 units. This can cause some interesting rounding problems, especially when subtotals are involved. Safety issues must also be considered when deciding whether to round up or down.
Height units
The actual height of an aircraft is based on use of a pressure altimeter - see flight level for more detail. The heights quoted here are thus the nominal heights under standard conditions of temperature and pressure rather than the actual heights. All aircraft operating on flight levels calibrate altimeters to the same standard setting regardless of the actual sea level pressure, so little risk of collision arises.
In most areas, height is reported as a multiple of 100 feet (30 m), i.e. A025 is nominally 2,500 feet (760 m). When cruising at higher altitudes aircraft adopt Flight Levels (FL). Flight Levels are altitudes corrected and calibrated against the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). These are expressed as a three figure group e.g. FL320 is 32,000 Feet (ISA).
In most areas vertical separation between aircraft is either 1000 or 2,000 feet (610 m).
In China and some neighbouring areas, height is handled using metres. Vertical separation between aircraft is either 300 metres or 600 metres (about 1.6% less than 1000 or 2000 feet).
Up until 1999, the vertical separation between aircraft flying on the same airway was 2,000 feet (610 m). Since then there has been a phased introduction around the world of Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM). This cuts the vertical separation to 1,000 feet (300 m) between about 29,000 feet (8,800 m) and 41,000 feet (the exact limits vary slightly from place to place). Since most jet aircraft operate between these heights, this measure effectively doubles the available airway capacity. To use RVSM, aircraft must have certified altimeters, and autopilots must meet more accurate standards.
Speed units
Aircraft cruising at lower altitudes normally use knots as the primary speed unit, while aircraft that are higher (above Mach Crossover Altitude) normally use Mach number as the primary speed unit, though flight plans often include the equivalent speed in knots as well (the conversion includes allowance for temperature and height). In a flight plan, a Mach number of "Point 82" means that the aircraft is travelling at 0.820 (82%) the speed of sound.
The widespread use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) allows cockpit navigation systems to provide air speed and ground speed more or less directly.
Another method of obtaining speed and position is the Inertial Navigation System (INS), which keeps track a vehicle's acceleration using gyroscopes and linear accelerometers; this information can then be integrated in time to obtain speed and position, as long as the INS was properly calibrated before departure. INS has been present in civil aviation for a few decades and is mostly used in medium to large aircraft as the system is fairly complex.
If neither GPS or INS are used, the following steps are required to obtain speed information:
An airspeed indicator is used to measure indicated airspeed (IAS) in knots.
IAS is converted to calibrated airspeed (CAS) using an aircraft-specific correction table.
CAS is converted to equivalent airspeed (EAS) by allowing for compressibility effects.
EAS is converted to true airspeed (TAS) by allowing for density altitude, i.e. height and temperature.
TAS is converted to ground speed by allowing for any head or tail wind.
Weight units
The weight of an aircraft is most commonly measured in kilograms, but may sometimes be measured in pounds, especially if the fuel gauges are calibrated in pounds or gallons. Many airlines request that weights be rounded to a multiple of 10 or 100 units. Great care is needed when rounding to ensure that physical constraints are not exceeded.
When chatting informally about a flight plan, approximate weights of fuel and/or aircraft may be referred to in tons. This 'ton' is generally either a metric tonne or a UK long ton, which differ by less than 2%, or a short ton, which is about 10% less.

Describing a route
A route is a description of the path followed by an aircraft when flying between airports. Most commercial flights will travel from one airport to another, but private aircraft, commercial sightseeing tours, and military aircraft may often do a circular or out-and-back trip and land at the same airport from which they took off.

Components
Aircraft fly on airways under the direction of Air Traffic Control. An airway has no physical existence, but can be thought of as a 'motorway' in the sky. On an ordinary motorway, cars use different lanes to avoid collisions, while on an airway, aircraft fly at different flight levels to avoid collisions. One can often see planes passing directly above or below one's own. Charts showing airways are published and are usually updated once a month coinciding with the AIRAC cycle. AIRAC (Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control) occurs every fourth Thursday when every country publishes their changes, which are usually to airways.

Each airway starts and finishes at a waypoint, and may contain some intermediate waypoints as well. Waypoints use five letters, e.g., PILOX, and those that double as non-directional beacons use three or two: TNN, WK. Airways may cross or join at a waypoint, so an aircraft can change from one airway to another at such points. A complete route between airports often uses several airways. Where there is no suitable airway between two waypoints, and using airways would result in a somewhat roundabout route, air traffic control may allow a direct waypoint to waypoint routing which does not use an airway (often abbreviated in flight plans as 'DCT').

Most waypoints are classified as compulsory reporting points, i.e. the pilot (or the onboard flight management system) reports the aircraft position to air traffic control as the aircraft passes a waypoint. There are two main types of waypoints:

A named waypoint appears on aviation charts with a known latitude and longitude. Such waypoints over land often have an associated radio beacon so that pilots can more easily check where they are. Useful named waypoints are always on one or more airways.
A geographic waypoint is a temporary position used in a flight plan, usually in an area where there are no named waypoints, e.g. most oceans in the southern hemisphere. Air traffic control require that geographic waypoints have latitudes and longitudes which are a whole number of degrees.
Note that airways do not connect directly to airports.

After take-off an aircraft follows a Departure Procedure (SID or Standard Instrument Departure) which defines a pathway from an airport runway to a waypoint on an airway, so that an aircraft can join the airway system in a controlled manner. Most of the climb portion of a flight will take place on the SID.
Before landing an aircraft follows an Arrival Procedure (STAR or Standard Terminal Arrival Route) which defines a pathway from a waypoint on an airway to an airport runway, so that aircraft can leave the airway system in a controlled manner. Much of the descent portion of a flight will take place on a STAR.

Airline routes between Los Angeles and Tokyo approximately follow a direct great circle route (top), but use the jet stream (bottom) when heading eastwardsSpecial routes known as ocean tracks are used across some oceans, mainly in the northern hemisphere to increase traffic capacity on busy routes. Unlike ordinary airways which change infrequently, ocean tracks change twice a day, so as to take advantage of any favourable winds. Flights going with the jet stream may be an hour shorter than those going against it. Ocean tracks often start and finish perhaps a hundred miles offshore at named waypoints to which a number of airways connect. Tracks across northern oceans are suitable for east-west or west-east flights, which constitute the bulk of the traffic in these areas.

Complete routes
There are a number of ways of constructing a route. All scenarios using airways use SIDs and STARs for departure and arrival. Any mention of airways might include a very small number of 'direct' segments to allow for situations when there are no convenient airway junctions. In some cases political considerations may influence the choice of route (e.g. aircraft from one country cannot overfly some other country).

Airway(s) from origin to destination. Most flights over land fall into this category.
Airway(s) from origin to an ocean edge, then an ocean track, then airway(s) from ocean edge to destination. Most flights over northern oceans fall into this category.
Airway(s) from origin to an ocean edge, then a free-flight area across an ocean, then airway(s) from ocean edge to destination. Most flights over southern oceans fall into this category
Free-flight area from origin to destination. This is a relatively uncommon situation for commercial flights.
Even in a free-flight area, air traffic control still requires a position report about once an hour. Flight planning systems organise this by inserting geographic waypoints at suitable intervals. For a jet aircraft these intervals are 10 degrees of longitude for east-bound or west-bound flights and 5 degrees of latitude for north-bound or south-bound flights. In free-flight areas commercial aircraft normally follow a least-time-track so as to use as little time and fuel as possible. A great circle route would have the shortest ground distance, but is unlikely to have the shortest air-distance, due to the effect of head or tail winds. A flight planning system may have to do quite a lot of analysis in order to determine a good free-flight route.

Fuel calculation
Calculation of fuel requirements (especially trip fuel and reserve fuel) is the most safety-critical aspect of flight planning. This calculation is somewhat complicated:

Rate of fuel burn depends on ambient temperature, aircraft speed, and aircraft altitude, none of which are entirely predictable.
Rate of fuel burn also depends on airplane weight, which changes as fuel is burned.
Some iteration is generally required due to the need to calculate interdependent values, e.g. reserve fuel is often calculated as a percentage of trip fuel, but trip fuel can't be calculated until the total weight of the aircraft is known, including the weight of the reserve fuel!

Considerations
Fuel calculation must take many factors into account.

Weather forecasts
The air temperature affects the efficiency/fuel consumption of aircraft engines. The wind may provide a head or tail wind component which in turn will increase or decrease the fuel consumption by increasing or decreasing the air distance to be flown.
By agreement with the International Civil Aviation Organization, there are two national weather centres (in U.S.A. and U.K.) which provide worldwide weather forecasts for civil aviation in a format known as GRIB weather. These forecasts are generally issued every 6 hours, and cover the next 36 hours at intervals of 6 hours. Each 6-hour forecast covers the whole world using gridpoints located at intervals of 75 miles (121 km) or less. At each grid point the weather (wind speed, wind direction, air temperature) is supplied at 9 different heights ranging from about 4,500 feet (1,400 m) up to about 55,000 feet (17,000 m).
Aircraft seldom fly exactly through weather gridpoints or at the exact heights at which weather predictions are available, so some form of horizontal and vertical interpolation is generally needed. For 75-mile (121 km) intervals, linear interpolation is satisfactory. GRIB format superseded the earlier ADF format in 1998/9. The ADF format used 300-mile (480 km) intervals; this interval was large enough to miss some storms completely, so calculations using ADF predicted weather were often not as accurate as those which can be produced using GRIB weather.
Routes and flight levels
The particular route to be flown determines the ground distance to cover, while winds on that route determine the air distance to be flown. Each inter-waypoint portion of an airway may have different rules as to which flight levels may be used. Total aircraft weight at any point determines the highest flight level which can be used. Cruising at a higher flight level generally requires less fuel than at a lower flight level, but extra climb fuel may be needed to get up to the higher flight level (it is this extra climb fuel and the different fuel consumption rate which cause discontinuities).
Physical constraints
Almost all the weights mentioned above in 'Overview and basic terminology' may be subject to minimum and/or maximum values. Due to stress on the wheels and undercarriage when landing, the maximum safe landing weight may be considerably less than the maximum safe brake-release weight. In such cases, an aircraft which encounters some emergency and has to land straight after taking off may have to circle for a while to use up fuel, or else jettison some fuel, or else land immediately and risk having the undercarriage collapse.
Also, the fuel tanks have some maximum capacity. On some occasions, commercial flight planning systems find that an impossible flight plan has been requested. The aircraft can't possibly reach the intended destination, even with no cargo or passengers, since the fuel tanks are just not big enough to hold the amount of fuel needed; it would appear that some airlines are over-optimistic at times, perhaps hoping for a (very) strong tailwind.
Fuel consumption rate
The rate of fuel consumption for aircraft engines depends on: air temperature, height as measured by air pressure, aircraft weight, aircraft speed relative to the air, and any increased consumption as compared with brand-new engines due to engine age and/or poor maintenance (an airline can estimate this degradation by comparing actual and predicted fuel burn). Note that a large aircraft such as a jumbo jet may burn up to 80 tons of fuel on a 10 hour flight, so there is a substantial weight change during the flight.

Calculation
The weight of fuel forms a significant part of the total weight of an aircraft, so any fuel calculation must take into account the weight of any fuel not yet burnt. Instead of trying to predict fuel load not yet burnt, a flight planning system can handle this situation by working backwards along the route, starting at the alternate, going back to the destination, and then going back waypoint by waypoint to the origin.

A more detailed outline of the calculation follows. Several (possibly many) iterations are usually required, either to calculate interdependent values such as reserve fuel and trip fuel, or to cope with situations where some physical constraint has been exceeded. In the latter case it is usually necessary to reduce the payload (less cargo or less passengers). Some flight planning systems use elaborate systems of approximate equations to simultaneously estimate all the changes required; this can greatly reduce the number of iterations needed.

If an aircraft lands at the alternate, in the worst case it can be assumed to have no fuel left (in practice there will be enough reserve fuel left to at least taxi off the runway). Hence a flight planning system can calculate alternate holding fuel on the basis that the final aircraft weight is just the zero fuel weight. Since the aircraft is circling while holding there is no need to take wind into account for this or any other holding calculation.
For the flight from destination to alternate, a flight planning system can calculate alternate trip fuel and alternate reserve fuel on the basis that the aircraft weight on reaching the alternate is zero fuel weight plus alternate holding.
A flight planning system can then calculate any destination holding on the basis that the final aircraft weight is zero fuel weight plus alternate holding plus alternate fuel plus alternate reserve.
For the flight from origin to destination, the weight on arrival at the destination can be taken as zero fuel weight plus alternate holding plus alternate fuel plus alternate reserve plus destination holding. A flight planning system can then work back along the route, calculating the trip fuel and reserve fuel one waypoint at a time, with the fuel required for each inter-waypoint segment forming part of the aircraft weight for the next segment to be calculated.
At each stage and/or at the end of the calculation, a flight planning system must carry out checks to ensure that physical constraints (e.g. maximum tank capacity) have not been exceeded. Problems mean that either the aircraft weight must be reduced in some fashion, or else the calculation must be abandoned.
An alternative approach to fuel calculation is to calculate alternate and holding fuel as above, and obtain some estimate of the total trip fuel requirement, either based on previous experience with that route and aircraft type, or by using some approximate formula; neither method can take much account of weather. Calculation can then proceed forwards along the route waypoint by waypoint. On reaching the destination, the actual trip fuel can be compared with the estimated trip fuel, a better estimate made, and the calculation repeated as required.

Cost reduction
Commercial airlines generally wish to keep the cost of a flight as low as possible. There are three main factors which contribute to the cost:

amount of fuel needed (to complicate matters, fuel may cost different amounts at different airports),
actual flying time affects depreciation charges and maintenance schedules etc.,
overflight charges are levied by each country the aircraft flies over (notionally to cover air traffic control costs).
Different airlines have different views as to what constitutes a least cost flight:

Least cost based only on time.
Least cost based only on fuel.
Least cost based on a balance between fuel and time.
Least cost based on fuel costs and time costs and overflight charges.

[edit] Basic improvements
For any given route, a flight planning system can reduce cost by finding the most economical speed at any given height, and by finding the best height(s) to use based on the predicted weather. Such local optimisation can be done on a waypoint by waypoint basis.

Commercial airlines do not want an aircraft to change height too often (among other things, it may make it more difficult for the cabin crew to serve meals), so they often specify some minimum time between optimisation-related flight level changes. To cope with such requirements a flight planning system must be capable of non-local height optimisation by simultaneously taking a number of waypoints into account, along with the fuel costs for any short climbs that may be required.

When there is more than one possible route between the origin and destination airports, the task facing a flight planning system becomes more complicated, since it must now consider many routes in order to find the best available route. Many situations have tens or even hundreds of possible routes, and there are some situations with over 25,000 possible routes (e.g. London to New York with free-flight below the track system). The amount of calculation required to produce an accurate flight plan is so substantial that it is not feasible to examine every possible route in detail. A flight planning system must have some fast way of cutting the number of possibilities down to a manageable number before undertaking a detailed analysis.

Reserve reduction
From an accountant's viewpoint, the provision of reserve fuel costs money (the fuel needed to carry the hopefully unused reserve fuel). Techniques known variously as reclear or redispatch or decision point procedure have been developed, which can greatly reduce the amount of reserve fuel needed while still maintaining all required safety standards. These techniques are based on having some specified intermediate airport to which the flight can divert if necessary;[1] in practice such diversions are rare. The use of such techniques can save several tons of fuel on long flights, or it can increase the payload carried by a similar amount.[3]

A reclear flight plan has two destinations. The final destination airport is where the flight is really going to, while the initial destination airport is where the flight will divert to if more fuel is used than expected during the early part of the flight. The waypoint at which the decision is made as to which destination to go to is called the reclear fix or decision point. On reaching this waypoint, the flight crew make a comparison between actual and predicted fuel burn and check how much reserve fuel is available. If there is sufficient reserve fuel then the flight can continue to the final destination airport, otherwise the aircraft must divert to the initial destination airport.

The initial destination is positioned so that less reserve fuel is needed for a flight from the origin to the initial destination than for a flight from the origin to the final destination. Under normal circumstances little if any of the reserve fuel is actually used, so when the aircraft reaches the reclear fix it still has (almost) all the original reserve fuel on board, which is enough to cover the flight from the reclear fix to the final destination.

The idea of reclear flights was first published in 'Boeing Airliner' (1977) by Boeing engineers David Arthur and Gary Rose.[3] The original paper contains a lot of magic numbers relating to the optimum position of the reclear fix, etc. These numbers apply only to the specific type of aircraft considered, for a specific reserve percentage, and take no account of the effect of weather. The fuel savings due to reclear depend on three factors:

The maximum achievable saving depends on the position of the reclear fix. This position can't be determined theoretically since there are no exact equations for trip fuel and reserve fuel. Even if it could be determined exactly, there may not be a waypoint at the right place anyway.
One factor identified by Arthur and Rose which helps achieve the maximum possible saving is to have an initial destination which is positioned so that descent to the initial destination starts immediately after the reclear fix. This is beneficial because it minimises the reserve fuel needed between reclear fix and initial destination, and hence maximises the amount of reserve fuel available at the reclear fix.
The other factor which is also helpful depends on the positioning of the initial alternate airport.

Filing Suboptimal Plans
Despite all the effort taken to optimise flight plans there are certain circumstances where it is advantageous to file suboptimal plans. In busy airspace with a number of competing aircraft, the optimum routes and preferred altitudes may well be oversubscribed. This problem can be made worse by busy periods, for example where everyone wants to arrive at an airport as soon as it opens for the day. If all the aircraft file an optimal flight plan then to avoid overloading, air traffic control may refuse permission for some of the flight plans or delay the allocated takeoff slots. To avoid this a suboptimal flight plan can be filed, asking for an inefficiently low altitude or a longer less congested route.[4]

Once airborne the part of the pilot's job is to fly as efficiently as possible so he/she might then try to convince air traffic control to allow him to fly closer to the optimum route. This might involve requesting a higher flight level than in the plan or asking for a more direct routing. If the controller does not immediately agree it may be possible to rerequest occasionally until they relent. Alternatively if there has been any bad weather reported in the area a pilot might request a climb or turn to avoid weather. As air traffic controllers do not know the precise location and height of pockets of turbulence, they would not know if the pilot was exaggerating the problem to get a more efficient route.

Even if the pilot does not manage to revert to the optimal route the benefits of being allowed to fly may well outweigh the cost of the suboptimal route.

Additional features
Over and above the various cost-reduction measures mentioned above, flight planning systems may offer extra features to help attract and retain customers:

Other routes
While a flight plan is produced for a specific route, flight dispatchers may wish to consider alternative routes. A flight planning system may produce summaries for say the next 4 best routes, showing zero fuel weight and total fuel for each possibility.
Reclear selection
There may be several possible reclear fixes and initial destinations, and which one is best depends on the weather and the zero fuel weight. A flight planning system can analyse each possibility and select whichever is best for this particular flight.
What-if summaries
On congested routes air traffic control may require that an aircraft fly lower or higher than optimum. The total weight of passengers and cargo might not be known at the time the flight plan is prepared. To allow for these situations a flight planning system may produce summaries showing how much fuel would be needed if the aircraft is a little lighter or heavier, or if it is flying higher or lower than planned. These summaries allow flight dispatchers and pilots to check if there is enough reserve fuel to cope with a different scenario.
Fuel tank distribution
Most commercial aircraft have more than one fuel tank, and an aircraft manufacturer may provide rules as to how much fuel to load into each tank so as to avoid affecting the aircraft centre of gravity. The rules depend on how much fuel is to be loaded, and there may be different sets of rules for different total amounts of fuel. A flight planning system may follow these rules and produce a report showing how much fuel is to be loaded into each tank.
Tankering fuel
When fuel prices differ between airports, it might be worth putting in more fuel where it is cheap, even taking into account the cost of extra trip fuel needed to carry the extra weight. A flight planning system can work out how much extra fuel can profitably be carried. Note that discontinuities due to changes in flight levels can mean that a difference of as little as 100 kg (one passenger with luggage) in zero fuel weight or tankering fuel can make the difference between profit and loss.
Inflight diversion
While en route, an aircraft may be diverted to some airport other than the planned alternate. A flight planning system can produce a new flight plan for the new route from the diversion point and transmit it to the aircraft, including a check that there will be enough fuel for the revised flight.
Inflight refuelling
Military aircraft may refuel in mid-air. Such refuelling is a gradual process rather than instantaneous. Some flight planning systems can allow for the change in fuel and show the effect on each aircraft involved.

2009-06-29T10:37:00.000-07:00

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2009-06-26T10:36:00.000-07:00

NASA's Ares I-X Rocket Achieves Historic Hardware Milestones

NASA's Constellation Program reached two major processing milestones this week as two new pieces of Ares I-X hardware were transferred for final assembly in preparation for the first flight test of the rocket later this summer at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Once stacking operations begin later this month, it will be the first time a new vehicle has been stacked on NASA's Mobile Launch Platform in more than 25 years.

The forward assembly, composed of the forward skirt, forward skirt extension and the frustum, was moved Thursday from Kennedy's Assembly Refurbishment Facility, or ARF, to the Vehicle Assembly Building for stacking operations.

The aft skirt was moved Monday from the ARF to the Rotation Processing and Surge Facility to be attached to the aft motor segment, forming the aft assembly. The assembly will next move to the Vehicle Assembly Building for stacking on the Mobile Launcher Platform.

The Ares I-X rocket is a combination of existing and simulator hardware that will resemble the Ares I crew launch vehicle in size, shape and weight. It will provide valuable flight data to guide the final design of the Ares I, which will launch astronauts in the Orion crew exploration vehicle.

"This is a very exciting week for the team to have the hardware moving out of the ARF, showing how much progress we've made and that we are that much closer to launch," said NASA Ares I-X mission manager Bob Ess of NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston.

The flight test of the Ares I-X will bring NASA one-step closer to its Constellation Program's exploration goals of returning humans to the moon for sustained exploration of the lunar surface and missions to destinations beyond.

The forward assembly connects the 12-foot diameter first stage motor to the 18-foot diameter upper stage simulator. Weighing more than 40,000 pounds, the assembly houses three newly designed descent parachutes for first stage recovery.

The aft skirt, which is used at the bottom of the Solid Rocket Boosters for the Space Shuttle Program, was modified over the last year and a half for use on Ares I-X. Some modifications include adding deceleration and tumble motors, avionics and a controller for the auxiliary power unit.

"This week is the culmination of tremendous hard work and dedication by the entire NASA and contractor team," said Joe Oliva, first stage program manager for the Ares I-X at ATK Space Systems in Salt Lake City. "These milestones are leading us to a flight test later this year that will provide our proof of concept data for NASA's next generation of launch vehicles."

2009-06-04T08:36:00.000-07:00

CONCORD-Atotal information From its birth to death

The Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde supersonic transport (SST) was one of only two models of supersonic passenger airliners to have seen commercial service. Concorde had a cruise speed of Mach 2.04 and a cruise altitude of 60,000 feet (17,700 metres) with a delta wing configuration and an evolution of the afterburner-equipped engines originally developed for the Avro Vulcan strategic bomber. It is the first civil airliner to be equipped with an analogue fly-by-wire flight control system. Commercial flights, operated by British Airways and Air France, began on January 21, 1976 and ended on October 24, 2003, with the last "retirement" flight on November 26 that year.

Origins

In the late 1950s the British, French, Americans and Soviets were all interested in developing supersonic transport. Britain's Bristol Aeroplane Company and France's Sud Aviation were both working on designs, called the Type 233 and Super-Caravelle respectively. Both were largely funded by their respective governments as a way of gaining some foothold in the aircraft market that was until then dominated by the United States.

The designs were both ready to start into prototype construction in the early 1960s, but the cost was so great that the companies (and governments) decided to join forces. The development project was negotiated as an international treaty between Britain and France rather than a commercial agreement =2 0 between companies. This included a clause, originally asked for by Britain, on penalties for cancellation (it turned out that Britain was the country that tried to get out). A draft treaty was signed on November 28, 1962. By this time both companies had been merged into new ones, and the Concorde project was thus a part of the British Aircraft Corporation and Aerospatiale. The consortium secured orders for over 100 new airliners from the leading airlines of the time. Pan Am, BOAC and Air France were the launch customers with six Concordes each.

The aircraft was initially referred to in Britain as "Concord". In 1967 the British Government announced that it would change the spelling to "Concorde" to match the French. This created an uproar but it died down after a government minister stated that the suffixed "e" was for excellence.
Concorde 001 took off for the first test flight from Toulouse on March 2, 1969 20 and the first supersonic flight followed on October 1. As the flight programme of the first development aircraft progressed, 001 started off on a sales and demonstration tour beginning on September 4, 1971. Concorde 002 followed suit in June 2, 1972 with a sales tour of the Middle and Far East. Concorde 002 made the first visit to the United States in 1973, landing at the new Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport to commemorate its opening. These trips led to an influx of orders for over 70 aircraft. However, a combination of factors caused a sudden cascade of order cancellations, including the 1970s oil crisis, acute financial difficulties of the partner airlines, a spectacular crash of the competing Soviet Tupolev Tu-144, and environmental issues such as sonic boom noise and pollution. Air France and British Airways ended up as the only buyers. The aircraft and parts were later sold to them for the nominal price of one British pound a piece.

The United States had cancelled its supersonic (SST) program in 1971. Two designs had originally been submitted; the Lockheed L-2000, looking like a scaled-up Concorde, lost out to the Boeing 2707, which had originally been intended to be faster, carry 300 passengers, and feature a swing-wing design. It was suggested in France and the United Kingdom that part of the American opposition to Concorde on grounds of noise pollution was in fact orchestrated or at least 0A encouraged by the out of spite at not being able to propose a viable competitor. However, other countries, such as Malaysia, also ruled out Concorde supersonic overflights due to noise issues.

Both European airlines operated demonstrat ion and test flights to various destinations from 1974 onwards. The testing of Concorde set records which are still not surpassed; it undertook 5,335 flight hours in the prototype, preproduction, and first production aircrafts alone. A total of 2,000 test hours were supersonic. This equates to approximately four times as many as for similarly sized subsonic commercial aircraft.

Technologic al features

Many features common in the early 21st century airliners were first used in Concorde.
For =2 0 speed optimization:
double-delta (ogive) shaped wings
afterburning Roll-Royce/Snecma Olympus turbojets =2 0 with supercruise capability
thrust-by-wire engines, ancestor of today's FADEC controlled engines
droop-nose section for good landing visibility
For weight-saving and enhanced performance:
Mach 2.04 'sweet spot' for optimum fuel consumption (supersonic drag minimum, whilst jet engines are more efficient at high speed)
mostly aluminium construction for low weight and relatively conventional build
full-regime autopilot and autothrottle allowing "hands off" control of the aircraft from climb out to landing
fully electrically-controlled analog fly-by-wire flight controls systems
multifunction flight control surfaces
high-pressure hydraulic system of 28 MPa (4,000 lbf/in²) for lighter hydraulic systems components
fully electrically controlled analog brake-by-wire system 20
pitch trim by shifting fuel around the fuselage for centre-of-gravity control
parts milled from single alloy billet reducing the part number count
Experience in making Concorde later became the basis of the Airbus consortium, and many of these features are now standard equipment in Airbus airliners. Snecma Moteurs, for example, got its first entry into civil engines here. Experience with Concorde opened the way for it to establish the CFM International with GE producing the successful CFM International CFM56 series engines.

The primary partners, BAC (later to become BAE Systems) and Aerospatiale (later to become EADS), are the joint owners of Concorde's type certificate. Responsibility for the Type Certificate =2 0 transferred to Airbus with formation of Airbus SAS.

Scheduled flights

Scheduled flights started on January 21, 1976 on the London-Bahrain and Paris-Rio routes. The U.S. Congress had just banned Concorde landings in the US, mainly due to citizen protest over sonic booms, preventing launch on the coveted transatlantic routes.=2 0

When the US ban was lifted in February for over-water supersonic flight, New York quickly followed by banning Concorde locally. Left with little choice on the destination, AF and BA started transatlantic services to Washington, D.C. on May=0 A 24. Finally, in late 1977, the noise concerns of New York residents gave way to the advantages of Concorde traffic, and scheduled service from Paris and London to New York's John F. Kennedy airport started on November 22, 1977. Flights operated by BA were coded 'Speedbird 1' through 'Speedbird 4'.
The average flight time on the transatlantic routes was just under 3.5 hours. Up to 2003, both Air France and British Airways continued to operate the New York services daily.

Additionally, Concorde flew to Barbados's Grantley 20 Adams International Airport during the winter holiday season and, occasionally, to charter destinations such as Rovaniemi, Finland. On November 1, 1986, a chartered Concorde circumnavigated the world in 31 hours and 51 minutes.

For =2 0 a brief period in 1977, and again from 1979 to 1980, British Airways and Singapore Airlines used a shared Concorde for flights between Bahrain and Singapore Changi Airport. The aircraft, G-BOAD, was painted in Singapore Airways livery on the port side and British Airways livery on the starboard side. The service was discontinued after three months because of noise complaints from the Malaysian government: it could only be reinstated when a new route, bypassing Malaysian airspace, was designed. However, an ongoing dispute with India prevented the Concorde from reaching supersonic speeds in Indian airspace, so the route was eventually declared not viable. From late 1978 to November 1982 Air France flew the Concorde on a regular basis to Mexico City's Benito Juárez International Airport.20

From 1979 to 1980, Braniff International leased two Concordes, one from both British Airways and Air France. These were used on flights from Dallas-Fort Worth to JFK, feeding the routes of BA and AF to London and Paris. The aircraft were registered in both the United States and their home countries, for legal reasons: a sticker would cover up each aircraft's European registration while it was being operated by Braniff. On DFW-JFK flights, the Concordes had Braniff flight crews, although they maintained their native airline livery. However, the flights were not profitable for Braniff and were usually less than 25% booked, which forced Braniff to end its term a s the only U.S. Concorde operator.

Passenger experience

Compared to other commercial airliners, Concorde provided an unusual passenger experience. Both British Airways and Air France configured the passenger cabin as a single class with around 100 seats — four seats across with a central aisle. Despite being a luxury class, most passengers were surprised to find how cramped the cabin was. Headroom in the central aisle was barely 20 six feet (1.8 m), and the leather seats were unusually narrow with legroom comparable to coach class on other planes.

In the 1990s many features which were common in the first class and business class cabins of a long haul Boeing =2 0 747 flight such as video entertainment, rotating or reclining seats, perambulatory areas, were completely absent from Concorde. The only video entertainment was a plasma display at the front of the cabin showing either the altitude, the air temperature or current speed in mach number. With no room for overhead storage, even carry on luggage was severely restricted. The ratio of cabin crew and lavatories per passenger was also considerably lower than =2 0 typical for a first class cabin. These privations were offset by the much shorter flight time (typically three and a half hours to New York from London), making the Concorde attractive to business executives.

To make up for these missing featur es, service on the Concorde was to be "first class" in every sense of the word. Orders for drinks or other needs were met instantly and served with a flourish. Meals were served using specially designed compact Wedgwood crockery with short silver cutlery. The unique experience of passing through the sound barrier was less dramatic than would be expected. The moment would be announced by one of the pilots, and could be seen on the cabin display , otherwise the slight surge in acceleration could easily be missed.

At twice the normal cruising altitude, turbulence was rare and the view from the windows clearly showed the curvature of the Earth. During the supersonic cruise, although the outside air =2 0 temperature was typically -60 °C, air friction would heat the external skin at the front of the plane to around +120 °C making the windows warm to the touch and producing a noticeable temperature gradient along the length of the cabin.

Most 20remarkably Concorde was the only passenger airliner able to overtake the terminator On certain early evening transatlantic flights departing from Heathrow or Paris, it was possible to take off at night and catch up with the sun — from the cockpit you could see the sun rise in the west.

Paris crash

The Concorde was the safest airliner in the world according to passenger deaths per distance travelled until the 25 July 2000 crash of Air France Flight 4590 in Gonesse, France, although it should be noted that the Boeing 737 fleet acquires more 20passenger miles and service hours in one week than the Concorde fleet acquired in the course of its entire service career. In any case, all of the people on board the flight perished, as well as four people on the ground. As the plane was on its take-off run, a metal piece punctured the tires which then burst, puncturing the fuel tanks and leading to the loss of the aircraft. The report of the investigation was published on 14 December 200 4, attributing the crash to foreign object damage from a titanium strip that fell from another aircraft, a Continental Airlines DC-10 which had taken off four minutes before; the piece had not been approved by the US Federal Aviation Administration.

However, there was skepticism about this report which solely blamed the strip for the accident. The French government have been extremely reluctant to share information during the investigation, implying a cover up. The British and former French Concorde pilots looked at several other possibilities that the report ignored, including an unbalanced weight distribution in the fuel tanks and loose landing gear, which =2 0hinted at the Concorde veering off course on the runway, reducing take-off speed below the crucial minimum. Some suspect that the cover up was an attempt to save the reputation of the Concorde, and to hide the fact that the Concorde had veered very close to a Boeing 747 carrying French President Jacques Chirac. Nonetheless, the crash of the Concorde was the beginning of the end of its career, regardless of the reason for the accident.20

The accident would make way for modifications to be made to Concorde. After safety updates on sufficient aircraft, including more secure electrical controls, Kevlar lining to the fuel tanks, and specially developed, burst-resistant tires, both routes were re-opened on November 20 7, 2001. The new-style tires would be yet another contribution from the Concorde programme to future aircraft development.

Withdrawal from service

The first test-flight of the newly-improved Concorde flew from England to the mid-Atlantic and back in preparation for a return to full scheduled service that week. The flight took place on September 11, 2001, and was in the=2 0air when the attacks on the World Trade Center were taking place. On April 10, 2003 British Airways and Air France simultaneously announced that they would retire the Concorde later that year. They cited low passenger numbers following the July 25, 2000 crash, the slump in air travel following 9/11, and rising maintenance costs.

That same day Sir Richard Branson offered to buy British Airways' Concordes at their original price of £1 million each for service with his Virgin Atlantic Airways, but was refused. He later wrote to The Economist (23 October 2003) that his final offer was "over £5 m illion" and that he had intended to operate the fleet "for many years to come". Any hope of Concorde remaining in service was further thwarted by Airbus' unwillingness to provide maintenance support for the aging airframes.

Air France

Air France made its final Concorde landing in the United States in New York City from Paris on May 30, 2003. =2 0 Firetrucks sprayed the traditional arcs of water above the aircraft on the tarmac of John F. Kennedy airport. It made its final commercial flight back to Paris the following day. The end of Air France's Concorde services was also marked by a charter around the Bay of Biscay.

An auction of Concorde parts and memorabilia for Air France was held at Christie's in Paris, on November 15, 2003. One thousand three hundred people attended, and several lots exceeded their predicted values by ten or more times.

British Airways

BA's last Concorde departure from the Grantley Adams International Airport in Barbados was on August 30, 2003. G-BOAG visited Toronto Pearson International Airport on October 1, 2003.

A final week of farewell flights saw Concorde visiting Birmingham on Octob er 20, Belfast on October 21, on October 22, on October 23, and Edinburgh on October 24. Each day the aircraft made a return flight out and back into Heathrow to the cities concerned, often overflying those cities at low altitude. Over 650 competition winners and 350 special guests were carried.=2 0

On the evening of October 23, 2003, the Queen consented to the illumination of Windsor Castle, as Concorde's last ever west-bound commercial flight departed London, and flew overhead. This is an honour normally restricted to major state events and visiting dignitaries.
British Airways retired its aircraft the next day, October 24. One Concorde left New York to a fanfare similar to its Air France predecessor's, while two more made round-trips, one over the Bay of Biscay, carrying VIP guests including many former Concorde 20pilots, and one to Edinburgh. The three aircraft then circled over London, having received special permission to fly at low altitude, before landing in sequence at Heathrow. The two round-trip Concordes landed at 4:01 and 4:03 PM BST, followed at 4:05 by the one from New York. All three aircraft then spent 45 minutes taxiing around the airport before finally disembarking the last supersonic fare-paying passengers. The pilot of the New York to London flight was Mike Bannister.

Passengers on the final transatlantic flight included:

Tony Benn
former US model Christie Brinkley
ballerina 20 Darcey Bussell
TV motoring correspondent Jeremy Clarkson
Joan Collins and her husband Percy Gibson.

=2 0
Formula One chief Bernie Ecclestone
Sir David Frost
Stock Exchange chairman Chris Gibson-Smith
actor Nigel Havers
model Jodie 20 Kidd
British Airways chairman Lord Marshall
advertising mogul Lord Saatchi
0A
Piers Morgan, then editor of the Daily Mirror
CNN anchor Richard Quest
the chairmen or chief executives of:
GlaxoSmithKline
BAE Systems
Merrill Lynch
Deutsche Bank
P&O
20
The Royal Bank of Scotland
a lucky traveller, who had booked a regular ticket over a year earlier.
Bonhams held an auction of British Airways' Concorde artifacts on December 1, 2003 at Olympia Exhibition Centre, in Kensington, London. Items sold included a machmeter, a nose cone, Concorde pilot and passenger seats and even the cutlery, ashtrays and blankets used onboard. About £3/ 4 million was taken, with the first half- million going to 'Get Kids Going!', a charity which gives disabled children and young people the opportunity to participate in sport.

Aircraft histories
Only 20 Concordes were built, six for development and 14 for commercial service.
These were:
t wo prototypes
two pre-production aircraft
16 production aircraft
The first two of these did not enter commercial service
Of the 14 which flew commercially, 12 were still in service in April 2003 20
All but two of these aircraft - a remarkably high percentage for any commercial fleet - are preserved. The two which are not are F-BVFD (cn 211), which was withdrawn from service in the 1980s and scrapped in 1994; and F-BTSC (cn 203), which crashed in Paris.
See Concorde aircraft histories for further details.

Cultural and political impact

The aeroplane remains a powerful symbol of ultra-modern technology although 34 years old, and many people appreciate its sculptural shape. It is a symbol of national pride to many in Britain and France - in France it was thought of as a French aircraft, in Britain as British.20
The reaction of people to the prospect of severe overflying noise also represented a socially important change. Prior to Concorde's flight trials the developments made by the civil aviation industry were largely accepted by developed democratic governments and their electors. The popular backlash (particularly on the eastern seaboard of the USA) against the noise of Conco rde represented a political turning point and thereafter scientists and technologists in many industries began to take environmental and societal impacts more seriously, accepting that engineers, powerful investors and governments could not always dictate the parameters of debate and allow their narrow economic or career interests to prevail.

From this perspective, Concorde's great technical leap forward can be viewed as triggering a cultural leap forward and a boost to the public's (and the media's) understanding of conflicts between technology and natural ecosystems that continues to reverberate around the world. Thus, the fact that many larger jet airliners now produce fewer harmful emissions and smaller noise footprints than Concorde is , perhaps, part of the Concorde's legacy. In France the use of acoustic fencing alongside TGV tracks may be another outcome that might not have been achieved without the 1970s furore over aircraft noise. In Britain the CPRE have issued tranquility maps since 1990 and public agencies are starting to do likewise.

A regular ticket on Concorde was a privilege of the rich, but special circular (non-landing) or one-way (with return by coach or ship) charter flights were arranged to bring a trip within the means of moderately well-off enthusiasts. An over-flying example was usually referred to by the British as simply "Concorde" and the French as "the Concorde" (rather than "a Concorde"), a s if there was only one.

A plane from the BA fleet made occasional flypasts at selected Royal events, major airshows and other special occasions, sometimes in formation with the Red Arr ows. On the final day of commercial service, grandstands were erected at London Heathrow for the public to watch the final arrivals, and there was extensive media coverage.

SPECIFICATIONS

Of a typical production-type aircraft. There are some variations.
Overall lengt h: 61.66 m
Fuselage internal length: 39.32 m
Fuselage max external width: 2.88 m 20
Fuselage max internal width: 2.63 m
Fuselage max external height: 3.32 m
Fuselage max internal height: 1.96 m
Wing span: 25.6 m
Wing area: 358.25 m² 20
Elevon area (each side): 16 m²
Tail fin area: 33.91 m²
Rudder 20 area: 10.41 m²
Powerplant: four Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus 593 Mk 610
Max. thrust with afterburner: 38,050 lbf (169 kN) per engine
Operating weight empty: 78,700 kg
Max. fuel: 95,680 kg
Max. taxing weight: 186,880 kg
Max. takeoff weight: 185,070 kg
Max. landing weight: 111,130 kg
Max. landing weight without fuel: 92,080 kg
Max. operation cruise speed: Mach 2.04 (~2170 km/h)
Max. operating altitude: 18000 m (60,000 ft)
Max. range: 7250 km
Nose =2 0 tip temperature at Mach 2: 127 °C

Possible replacement

In November 2003, European aviation company European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS, the company behind Airbus) announced that it was considering working with Japanese companies to develop a larger, faster replacement for Concorde. However, recent news reports suggest only $1m is being invested every year into research, much less than the $1bn needed for the development of a viable air liner.

2009-06-01T22:10:00.001-07:00
F135 Engine Cleared For F-35B STOVL Testing
Pratt & Whitney’s F135 engine has been cleared for powered-lift flight-testing in the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).Approval follows a review of design changes made to eliminate vibration that caused turbine blade failures during ground tests of two engines.The first redesigned engine was delivered to Lockheed Martin last week for installation in aircraft BF-1, the first short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) F-35B. Testing is expected to begin on the hover pit at Fort Worth, Texas, early this month, leading to a first vertical landing at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Md., in June or July.The third-stage turbine-blade problem has delayed the start of powered-lift testing by four to six months, but has not extended the overall JSF flight-test program as other work was moved around to accommodate the delay, says Bill Gostic, vice president for the F135 program.The first turbine blade failed on Aug. 30, 2007 during powered-lift qualification testing of ground-test engine FX634. The second blade failed on Feb. 4, 2008 during proof testing of flight-test engine FTE06. The proof test was designed to determine whether the engine was susceptible to blade failure.The failures were traced to high-cycle fatigue cracking due to vibration caused when the blades struck the wakes from third-stage stator vanes upstream. The fix was to switch to asymmetric vane spacing, to disrupt the excitation causing the vibratory stress, and to redesign the blades to remove the stress concentration.Pratt conducted a series of ground tests to validate that the asymmetric vanes eliminated the vibration and did not interfere with turbine cooling, and has completed a new proof test on the redesigned FTE06 flight-test engine.. This is the engine delivered to Lockheed Martin for installation in aircraft BF-1.The engine manufacturer plans an additional ground testing in May/June with strain gauges on the new blades to confirm the redesign has eliminated the stress concentration. “We’re confident we have sufficient margin,” Gostic says.F135 production is scheduled to begin in July with the first four engines for the conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) F-35A. This will be followed by a second production batch of eight CTOL and eight STOVL engines.Photo: Lockheed Martin

2009-06-01T22:05:00.002-07:00
BEST AVIATION CAREERS

1. Pilot (airline, corporate, charter, fractional ownership, air taxi, flight instructor, military, test pilot)Airline pilots begin their careers with the regionals and may move on to the majors; commercial pilots usually have a lower experience threshold before hiring—and commercial opportunities are growing; and flight instructors often build time to qualify for another pilot career. Military pilots may see fewer opportunities in the future if unmanned aerial vehicles become prevalent in military operations.Salary range: $15,000–$200,0002.

Airframe & Powerplant Mechanic Mechanics must be federally certified and are responsible for maintaining aircraft in airworthy and safe operating condition. They may work with jet or reciprocating engines and airframes constructed from sheet metal or composite materials. Salary range: $25,000–$80,0003.

Air Traffic Controller Air traffic controllers may work in a high-pressure environment and specialize in ground, departure or en route control as they direct the flow of air traffic. A controller must be federally certified, know federal regulations and be able to quickly implement emergency procedures if necessary. Salary range: $58,000–$139,0004.

Avionics Technician An avionics technician repairs, tests and installs aviation equipment. Such technicians must have a knowledge of electronics, computers and math, and they must possess analytical skills to diagnose equipment problems. Vocational school or two years’ training/education is typically required.Salary range: $36,000–$56,0005.

Airline Dispatcher Dispatchers normally have the authority to dispatch and direct/divert airline flight operations, monitor the progress of flights and advise flight crews of conditions affecting the safety of flights.Salary range: $20,000–$150,0006.

Meteorologist A meteorologist needs a strong background in advanced math and physics, and an ability to interpret and analyze atmospheric data effectively in order to create forecasts for flight operations. A college degree is typically required.Salary range: $34,000–$106,0007.

Structural EngineerThese engineers develop technical solutions for complex structural problems. They must understand engineering principles, interpret drawings and analyze aircraft structures. A college degree is typically required. Salary range: $50,000–$80,0008.

Electrical EngineerThese engineers design and integrate electrical components and systems. They must understand electrical theory and schematics and possess solid science, math, analytical and trouble-shooting skills. A college degree is typically required. Salary range: $50,000–$100,0009.

Propulsion Engineer These engineers work with installation, testing and analysis of aircraft engines and must have knowledge of fuel, exhaust, combustion and other engine systems, as well as science, math and analytical skills. A college degree is typically required. Salary range: $50,000–$100,00010.

Human Factors & Industrial DesignIndividuals in these positions must be able to combine their knowledge of engineering and technology with elements of psychology in order to develop smooth-working interfaces between machines and humans, with a focus on usability, ergonomics and aesthetic product design. A college degree is typically required.Salary range: $43,000–$134,000

2009-06-01T22:05:00.001-07:00
Boeing Restarts 787 Assembly Work
Boeing has officially resumed 787 assembly, an event marked on Jan. 29 by the join of the fuselage and wings for the fifth flight-test aircraft, ZA005..This is also the first to be powered with General Electric GEnx-1B engines, the first four being powered by the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000. “This airplane signifies our return to a steady production rhythm,” says Jack Jones, VP of 787 Final Assembly and Change Incorporation.Jones also comments that parts are finally starting to arrive from the supply partners in the state that Boeing had originally planned for. “Sections are arriving in Everett at the completion levels committed by our partners and close to what is expected for mature production,” Jones said. “The substantial progress made by our partners streamlines the assembly process, which is essential as we ramp up production.”Boeing also confirms that power was restored earlier this week to the first flight-test aircraft, ZA001, and production testing has resumed in preparation for first flight sometime “in the second quarter.”The airframer also adds that Rolls-Royce engines “are hung on ZA002, in the fourth and final production position in the factory. The third and fourth flight-test airplanes, ZA003 and ZA004, are in the third and second production positions, respectively.”The troublesome fastener rework issue that stalled the line in the midst of last year’s machinists’ strike is also coming to a close, adds Jones. “Rework is done on ZA001, nearly complete on ZA002 and progressing well on the third and fourth airplanes.” Boeing adds that parts for 30 787s are now in production.

2009-06-01T22:02:00.000-07:00

LATEST TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPEMENT
http://in.youtube.com/watch?v=7NZ9X9A2efA

2009-06-01T21:59:00.000-07:00

2009-06-01T21:40:00.000-07:00
You should not operate the aircraft with full power when its empty.
See this!
Bypassing Safety Warnings... A good idea yes???
The brand spanking new Airbus 340-600, the largest passenger airplane ever built, sat in its hangar in Toulouse, France without a single hour of airtime.
Enter the Arab flight crew of Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies (ADAT) to conduct pre-delivery tests on the ground, such as engine run-ups prior to delivery to Etihad Airways in Abu Dhabi.
1. The ADAT crew taxied the A340-600 to the run-up area.
2. Then they took all four engines to takeoff power with a virtually empty aircraft.
3. Not having read the run-up manuals
· They had no clue just how light an empty A340-600 really is
· The takeoff warning horn was blaring away in the cockpit because they had all 4 engines at full power.
· The aircraft computers thought they were trying to take off but the aircraft had not been configured properly
o Flaps
o Slats
o etc..4. Then one of the ADAT crew decided to pull the circuit breaker on the Ground Proximity Sensor to silence the alarm.
· This fooled the aircraft into thinking it was in the air.
· The computers automatically released all the brakes and set the aircraft rocketing forward.
5. The ADAT crew had no idea that this is a safety feature so that pilots can't land with the brakes on.
6. Not one member of the seven-crew realized to throttle back the engines from their max power setting
Results:
The $200 million brand-new aircraft crashed into a blast barrier, totalling it.
The extent of injuries to the crew is unknown for:
1. There has been a news blackout in the major media in France and elsewhere
2. Coverage of the story was deemed insulting to crew.
Finally, the photos are starting to leak out.

2008-11-24T22:39:00.000-08:00
The world's smallest co-axial helicopter, you can own one for US $35,000.

2008-11-24T22:31:00.000-08:00

It’s a bird. It's a plane. No, it’s Jet-man! - a.k.a. Yves Rossy, former Swiss army pilot, currently Swiss airline pilot, and inventor who developed a working model of a personal winged jetpack. Jet-man jumped from a small plane over the Swiss Alps, opened his foldable wings, and propelled by four small jet engines, flew six and a half minutes til he ran out of fuel, opened his parachute, and landed successfully.

Glenn Martin has recently showcased his unique jet pack during AirVenture Oshkosh 2008, the annual aviation convention of the Experimental Aircraft Association in east-central Wisconsin. The demonstrator of the Martin jet pack was Martin’s own son, Harrison, who showcased the gadget’s “flying” capability for about 45 seconds.

2008-11-24T22:27:00.000-08:00

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics recently won a contract from the National Aeronautics and Space administration (NASA) to design quieter, more energy efficient, and more environmentally friendly commercial airplanes. The two million dollar contract from NASA is just an initial step in bringing green technologies to the sky, but it is an important step toward bringing current trends in engineering and product design to the airline industry.

2008-11-23T05:04:00.000-08:00

New wind generator design takes advantage of an advanced electrical transmission to decrease cost while boosting performance.

Check the

2008-11-23T04:55:00.000-08:00
Chandrayaan-1, is India's first mission to the moon launched by India's national space agency the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft by a modified version of the PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC). The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.

On November 14, 2008, the Moon Impact Probe successfully separated from the moon-orbiting Chandrayaan at 20:06 and descended towards the lunar south pole in a controlled manner. The MIP impacted Shackleton Crater, of the lunar south pole, at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing subsurface debris that could be analyzed for presence of water ice.
The estimated cost for the project is Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million).

The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) at launch and 675 kilograms (1,488 lb) in lunar orbit and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost.